探访尼雅遗址,传说中的精绝古城是何模样?******
中新网新疆和田2月4日电(潘琦)远处,晨光初起,宿雾未散,近处,10余辆越野车一字排开向着千年遗址尼雅出发。近日,记者跟随“2022-2023跨年横穿塔克拉玛干沙漠探险队”一行40余人,驱车4个小时,从新疆民丰县穿越无人区走进塔克拉玛干沙漠中心,探寻精绝古国的踪迹。
出发,前往塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地
精绝古国,是否是小说《鬼吹灯》里的秘境?尼雅遗址地处丝绸之路南道交通必经之地,曾经是精绝古国繁盛的城郭。
精绝古国的存在时间约为公元前2世纪到公元5世纪。自1901年尼雅遗址被发现以来,多次考古活动出土了大量精美文物,尤以1995年的中日尼雅遗址联合考察队发掘成果最丰,其中最著名的就是“五星出东方利中国”汉代织锦护臂,为国家一级文物,中国首批禁止出国(境)展览文物之一,被誉为20世纪中国考古学最伟大的发现之一。
从民丰县城沿315国道行驶至沙漠公路(新疆轮台至民丰县)后,大地开始变得荒凉,只有两侧人工栽植的沙拐枣、梭梭、红柳等排排涌来。在抵达离尼雅遗址最近的小镇后,车队突然停了下来。
“给轮胎放气!”远处传来领队嘹亮的声音。司机师傅华林告诉中新网记者,在进入沙漠前,降低轮胎气压将增加轮胎与地面接触的面积,减少车身重量对地面的压力,降低被陷在沙中的概率。
跋涉,在黄沙大漠中
汽车在漫天黄沙中奔驰,沙漠丘陵高低起伏,因干涸而死去胡杨再一次提醒我们这里是死亡之海。
从平坦的村道拐下路基,一人多高的红柳扑面而来,四轮驱动的越野车左冲右突,剧烈地颠簸,树枝刮擦着车门发出刺耳的声音,坐在车内的我们东倒西歪,忍不住阵阵惊呼。
继续向沙漠深处前进,眼前最有趣的地貌是红柳包,它们孤立高大,像一处处破败的烽燧。
红柳包由流沙围绕红柳缓慢而有规律地堆积逐渐形成,起初土包很小很矮,经过数百年不间断的沙土堆积和红柳植物的逐年生长,常常出现高达10米以上的大土包。新疆文物考古研究所研究员张铁男说:“1995年中日联合考古发掘时,我们把国旗插到红柳包上,高高飘扬。”
记者抬起相机,远处的沙丘近在眼前。细细观摩,沙丘的轮廓甚是迷人,两翼顺着风向延伸,平面轮廓呈现新月形,黄沙漫漫,蜿蜒曲折。
神秘,精绝古城又现真容
翻过一道沙丘,连片木桩突然映入眼帘。“这是尼雅遗址中保护最为完整的N3和N4居址,曾经是精绝人居住的地方。”张铁男介绍,这里就是精绝古城,保留着受损程度不一、规模不等的众多房屋、葡萄园、羊圈等遗址。
据张铁男介绍,精绝人住宅遗址边有果园分布,当时食用的果品,除了葡萄、桑葚以外,还有石榴、杏、桃、沙枣等。顺着木栈道走进N3,尽管有些地方已被流沙掩盖,但精绝人木骨泥墙的建筑依稀可见,胡杨木为房屋的基柱,红柳枝编成篱笆做墙体。风吹过,一些枯萎了的果树树干,一小簇一小簇地从流沙层中露了出来。
如今,走近尼雅遗址,仍能轻松辨认出这里的“地标”——佛塔遗址。塔体通体乳白,下呈正方形,上为圆柱形,佛塔用土坯加泥砌成,6米高的佛塔分3层。绕着佛塔走一圈,想象着千年前精绝人在这里生活的点滴。
农田果园,人们种植小麦、葡萄、桑树,织造毛毯,烧制各类陶器。仿佛随时会炊烟再起,牛羊撒欢,驼铃声响。
“佛塔西北数千米的地方,就是国宝‘五星出东方利中国’锦护臂出土的地方。”新疆和田地区文化体育广播电视和旅游局局长吐送古丽·买托胡提说,关于精绝古城消失有很多猜测,是战争?疾病?还是自然条件恶化?遗址并没有发掘出刀剑戟箭,也没有战斗过的尸横遍野。反倒是所有的墓葬亡者安详平静,大礼陪葬。生活痕迹都清晰可见,但这里居住的人们却忽然消失了......丰富的文化内涵和神奇的未解之谜让尼雅遗址成为众多探险者和考古工作者的向往之地。(完)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。 ![]() 由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。 ![]() House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle. ![]()
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